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La Cultura Chachapoyas Amazonas (Amazonia Peruana)


Chachapoyas area of \u200b\u200binfluence of the famous men of culture Sachapuyas (sacha: mountain, and puya: fog), creators of the imposing citadel of Cuélap, Big Pajatén and other cities that make up a large confederation of small kingdoms before the Incas .

The Chachapoyas were composed of various ethnic kin, as well as by various forms of language, probably unrelated to each other but different from the Quechua. Some people like Bandelier (1907.1940) and Middenfordf (1893.95) highlight the presence of linguistic ingredients Colla or Aymara origin in the modalities of the language spoken in the region of Chachapoyas.

According Kauffman Doig, Chachapoyas culture had its beginnings in Stage 7, at about the eighth century AD, and mentioned that should reach its flowering year after the year 1000 AD and lasted until the English arrived to Peru.

Prior to Chachapoyas, at least for more than 7,000 years, their territory was already traveled by man as evidenced by the presence of witnesses rock (Good and Lozano 1982; Gamonal 1981 ; Miasta 1979), which according to Kauffman continue exercising artistic expression even in times of the Incas.

There is also evidence for preChachapoyas flowering times of the first stage of the ancient civilization of Peru, an example is given in Bagua pottery analyzed by Ruth Shady (1971), as well as through large monoliths reminiscent Chavin and another close to those of Kunturwasi (Gamon 1982, 1983, Kauffman and Gamonal 1989).

Chachapoyas area of \u200b\u200binfluence of the famous men of culture Sachapuyas (sacha: mountain, and puya: fog), creators of the imposing citadel of Kuelap, the great Pajatén and other cities that make up a large confederation small kingdoms before the Incas.

The Chachapoyas were composed of various ethnic kin, as well as by various forms of language, probably unrelated to each other but different from the Quechua. Some people like Bandelier (1907.1940) and Middenfordf (1893.95) highlight the presence of linguistic ingredients Colla or Aymara origin in the modalities of the language spoken in the region of Chachapoyas.

According to Kauffman Doig, Chachapoyas culture had its beginnings in Stage 7, at about the eighth century AD, and mentioned that should reach their flowering Apart from the year 1000 AD and lasted until the English arrived to Peru.

Archaeologists Henry and Paul Reichler (Reichle and Reichle 1950) proposed to be divided into three periods the archaeological process of Chachapoyas culture: Cuélap, Chipuric and Revash.

Prior to Chachapoyas, at least for more than 7,000 years, their territory was already traversed by the man as evidenced by the presence of witnesses rock (Good and Lozano 1982; Gamonal 1981 ; Miasta 1979), which according to this expression Kauffman Continuation of exercise in artistic Incan times.

There is also evidence for preChachapoyas flowering times of the first stage of the ancient civilization of Peru, an example is given in Bagua pottery analyzed by Ruth Said (1971), and also by large monoliths reminiscent Chavín and another close to those of Kunturwasi (Gamon 1982, 1983, Kauffman and Gamon 1989).

cultural Testimonials

are several researchers, who have studied architecture Chachapoyas. One of the great exponents are architectural ensembles Cuélap (Narváez 1996-97), Olan, Yálape, Purunllacta (renamed the Savoy as "Gran Vilaya"), Pajatén (Bonavia 1968, Kauffmann Doig 1980, 1984, 2000). Cuélap, extends for 600 meters on its longitudinal axis, consists of a platform built atop a high mountain. The walls that support, built with stones and careadas uniforms, rise up to 19 meters . Chachapoyas architecture is also characterized by displaying two forms of burial patterns: the mausoleum and sarcophagus one-man grave human (Langlois 1939, Kauffman 1996).

For ceramics, the Chachapoyas is rough both in terms of its bill as decoration. The decorative elements are practically limited to grounds laced or "hatched." Meter Lerma (1986) proposed that these are of Amazonian origin. In any case, this would be the only pattern from the Amazon since, according to the findings of Kauffman Doig (1996), the Chachapoyas were rooted in the Andean tradition. The researcher mentioned that in the Chachapoyas area appears a type of ceramic dispersed black, well smoothed and apparently affiliated Chimu pottery. And mentioned that if not, should be introduced on the north coast barter or through other means. Chachapoyas area come also ceramic vessels and even Cajamarca Chancay style. Arturo Ruiz Estrada (1972) developed a ceramic seriation Chachapoyas based on a sample that met in Cuélap.

Queros or ceremonial vessels wood, as quipus, are in turn samples the Inka presence in the territory of the Chachapoyas. This is also attested by the ruins of Inca bill discussed Cochabamba (Schjellerup 1984), and also by the testimonies of imperial Inca and Inca pottery as those in provincial and elsewhere Pajatén Chachapoyas Utcubamba Basin (Kauffman Doig 1996).

Studies and Research

The archaeologist s Henry and Paul Reichler (Reichle and Reichle 1950) proposed to be divided into three periods the archaeological process of culture Chachapoyas: Cuélap, Chipuric and Revash. Other studies have the Ruth Shady (1971), already mentioned above lines, which analyzed ceramics from Bagua, studies have also Ruíz Estrada (1972), who analyzed the pottery from Cuélap, which is what I will explain below

Ruiz Estrada, carried out excavations at the farm Cuélap, and the study of pottery found, enabled him to establish a relative timing sequence is that the earliest pottery would be Cancharín phase, which corresponds to the Early Intermediate Period; followed Pumahuanchina phase, which corresponds to the Horizon Middle phase continues Kuelap, located between the Middle Horizon Period Late Intermediate same finally set the stage in four Kuelap Inca l Cuelap manifestations occur associated with Inca pottery.

Cancharín In phase can be distinguished mainly by the presence of pottery types and Kuelap Kuelap Pulido Smooth Striated, which serve as diagnostic types. phase

differentiable Pumahuanchina mainly by the appearance of pottery painted Cuelap Pulido, associated with pottery Cajamarca III. Cuelap phase, is distinguished primarily by the presence of pottery types Culpa Painted Smooth A, B and C. In the last phase of secular gum, Kuelap Inca, continue Cuelap types, but appears as a new type Cuelap Painted pottery typically applied and Inca.

Ruíz, before his ecuencia s ruling, concluded, that before the call was built Kuelap Fortress had h uman groups established in the same place, and probably the building of the buildings that today are seen as phase Cuelap, given the association of the pottery types of this phase of the site buildings.

Him porte de Ruiz, is that was who first made an archaeological survey in Cuelap which gave its stylistic sequences based on ceramics.

types studied pottery with all its features and associations. And concludes that there is diffusion of ceramic items to Kuelap Cajamarca, ostensible influenced area in the development phase pottery from Pumahuanchina. According to Ruiz's another case, and what was the Huari pottery.

Other studies and research, we have Abel Ocampo (1982), conducted a study descriptive Chivane or monument located in Chachapoyas territory but raised prior to the culture of this name corresponds to the time of the early or formative expression of the civilization of Peru, according to Kauffman Doig.

Coc habamba other extreme forms: the important administrative center built during the Inca Empire was visited by Julio César Tello and has been described by Inge Schjellerup (1984). On the ruins of Pajatén is a descriptive study published by Duccio Bonavia (1968). For his part, Keith Mascutt (1 998) as well as Federico Kauffman Doig (1996), are the authors of studies l set on to Chachapoyas.

● Cuélap: has received Louis Langlois studies do (in the thirties), Ruiz Estrada, as well as Federico Kauffman, among other lines mentioned above.

Cuélap, rose aa Utcubamba the left bank, and consists of a huge platform that crowns the crest of a limestone hill known as the Jimmy . Some of its buildings boast decoration on the walls as friezes that exposes symbolic motifs. Among the numerous enclosures included three structures: The Inkwell, The Watchtower and El Castillo. Cuélap has circular buildings built on landfill tiling, using stones quarried regular employment mural decoration.

so far not been possible to determine at what stage of their development up Cuélap Chachapoyas. But some researchers as Kauffman (1996), give the date of 1000 for e Christian ra.

● Pajatén: Rec Bonavía IBIO important studies (1968), also G. Savoy in the late seventies.

Pajatén The ruins, offers two important aspects for consideration: one relates to its architectural peculiarities, the other the world of its iconography. Have circular buildings mod or "turrets" on different levels but within walking distance.

According Bonavia (1968), the 16 towers spread over an area slightly larger than one hectare, corresponding to the area deforested by Expedition 1966. Squares differs bagged two of them with a Huanta and stairs leading to a second floor. Bonavía m ention that have been conical roofs, but according to Kauffman (1996), there are qu and take into account the type of roof construction used in technically unrelated, Los Pinchudos, is almost flat, made in stone slabs that protrude into the interior and exterior, arched false.

For iconographic motifs, are high reliefs and drawings (figures), thus using the technique of expressing lines by stones protrude rig construction. There geo-metric designs, mainly fretwork. There are heads of human figures. We present ation decor on the floors of enclosures, in some cases.

According to Kauffman Doig, the iconography in Pajaten, is divided into three categories:

● Category One: Reasons biomorphs (anthropomorphic and zoomorphic). With sketchy lines and angular. The characters are seated in front, with legs bent and open. are beings on ATURAL of sex with female bulging belly.

● second category are: geometric motifs. Protruding frets and stepped motifs and horizontal.

● Category Three: Reasons semi-abstract. Stellate figures, geometric and conventional present in buildings.

Other sites you archaeological Chachapoyas culture are: Olan, Condom, Yalape, Purun Llacta between otr you.

With reference to the burial patterns, Kauffman refers to two burial patterns for famous people: the mausoleum (pucullo or Chullpa), and the sarcophagus or purun-machu. Is Carajía, which houses the sarcophagus Chachapoyas more poise. These sarcophagi are Empla zados on top of a cliff which drops vertically.

The sar cófagos of Chachapoyas : According to Kauffman Doig, are made of a clay cap which houses a crouching mummy, wrapped in cloth and sitting on your ass. Various objects such as ceramic vessels and utensils used in textile art displayed around the dead, mummified. According to Kauffman capsules are rare in Chachapoyas burial offerings, as happens in the graves and coastal mountain range, which is in contradiction with n monumental character and sumptuous sarcophagus. The material used in the manufacture of the sarcophagus was mainly clay cream shade.

According to Kauffman Doig (1989), the diversity of forms that have the sarcophagi Chachapoyas, including its size, could be explained as arising in the intention to emphasize hierarchical ADOS gr. And mentioned that apart from the sarcophagi bear human traits, appears at the same time the outline of a phallus. And the condition ambivalent, showing conspicuous sarcophagi s, remember you can also be observed in the monoliths Recuay, Aija, of the Merced , as well as in the Chancay cuchimilcos of evoking a human figure at the same finds time to be a phallus exposed. It is for this reason that comes to the conclusion Kauffman Commission, that the sarcophagus Chachapoyas imitated conspicuous type, roughly , the aspect that corresponds to the Andean funeral bundle.

Besides Carajía stone sarcophagi, in which the Group 1 is the highest one is known, the integrated originally eight sarcophagi, in which all were painted with motifs based on lines drawn in two shades of red. The s arcófagos Crujía Group 1 finish in the top section and a tip No, this mask on his head. Other sarcophagi: the Solmal, Yambata , Chipuric, Liege, San Antonio , Tingorbamba, among others.

the mausoleums of the Chachapoyas: The mausoleums Chachapoyas, could have emerged as forms of pattern or pucullo chullpa . In this regard we have studies by Charles Wiener (1884), poster archaeologists iormente Henry and Paul Reichler (1950) analyzed the content of one of the mausoleums viewed by Wiener, and removed the debris from the roof of one of them had collapsed. Kauffman Doig (1989.1993), was able to identify and analyze various mausoleums: Tingomarca, Ochino, Peña de Tuenter, Guanglic, The Flask and centers beyond the basin Ut c ubamb to as Pumanche (Uchumarca), Los Pinchudos (Pajatén), and later, in 1997, the Group 1 of the Laguna of Mummies.

The mausoleums Chachapoyas consists of burial chambers built of stone. Its walls were plastered, and in some cases painted with magic-religious figures, and also decorated with magic-religious representations using part of it as building material s walls, setting off the surface of the wall stones to form figures.

One of the ma usoleos more representative of the Chachapoyas culture is Pinchudos o The Pucullos, which are located near the ruins of Pajaten. Five are the mausoleums that make up the group the group d and The Pinchudos, plus two that are presented in address west of that parcel. Are treated rectangular buildings as well as half-moon, built with stone walls, and reach up to more than 4m high and 2 to 3 m diameter . Other mausoleums, are: Revash, Ochino, Tingorbamba, Liege, Peña de Tuenter, Pumanche, etc.

Kauffman Doig ( 1996.1997) , mentions that the Chachapoyas were eminent weavers, and decorated with figures mates pyrography, carving wood and stone, leaving paint mural.

Futures Contracts Turbotax

ARCHAEOLOGY - AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA

The Colombian Amazon was inhabited by human populations for more than ten thousand years. Before the Iberian conquest in this region and numerous settlements had adapted to the environment and the ability to successfully manage production systems, reproduction of environments and ecosystems, social organization, complex structures of thought and knowledge, based on a philosophy respect for nature and human nature.

While it is currently impossible any archeology overall presentation of the Colombian Amazon by insufficient research in this field, we can construct a scenario of population systems in the region. Complementing the data from the archaeological investigations in the Amazon (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) with contemporary ethnographic inferences can be tentatively view the process of settlement and regional development in the Amazon territories of our country.

Since in Colombia displayed signs indicating the presence of hunters and gatherers in the Open (Cundinamarca) circa 10,450 A . C., presumably Amazon was also being populated by humans during the Paleoindian period. We accept the hypothesis that the initial peopling of the Americas did, some 40 millennia ago, Asian groups that came from Siberia. Few thousand years ago would have also produced a wave of people to South America, from Southeast Asia.

In the Amazon basin were developed for thousands of years, complex aboriginal cultures. The region was originally occupied by hunter-gatherers.

The Amazon provided a very important contingent domestic plant to mankind as the manioc and sweet, cocoa, coca, yopo, pineapple, annatto and peach.

Archaeologists have found numerous sites in the vicinity of the Amazon River that reveal the existence of large settlements. Archaeological materials from the town of La Pedrera have resemblance to pottery remains found in the lower Caquetá, which are included in the so-called Phase Yapura with mostly zoomorphic figures (ducks, bats, etc.)..

Araracuara The journey from La Pedrera and is dotted with stones where native recorded numerous figures. Among the outstanding rock art motifs that transform human faces its expression along the River. There are also numerous representations of animals and abstract symbols. Some of these reasons appear to relate to oral traditions of the Huitotos. According to the Indians Andoques, the petroglyphs were made by a generation of giants who preceded the present humanity, these amounted to penetrate Caquetá river also in some of its major tributaries.

The Colombian bank of the Amazon River, was inhabited in the fourteenth century by Omagua culture. Leticia was located near the province Aparia the Great, one of the most prominent of the region.

One of the most rich history in the town of Araracuara, seat of ancient cultures that left numerous testimonies of its activity. It is known that the area was occupied for 10,000 years, on the left bank from the store Santanilla floating to the bottom of the cave Guácharos Canyon and within the University of Pittsburgh.

This trip can be inventoried and photographed countless petroglyphs during the months of December to March. Upon entering the canyon, in Port Arthur are also beautiful prints. The observation is supplemented through examining the river and the Stone Andoques of famous in the region.

The most spectacular are found in the raudalera Guaimaraya to 80 Km. by river from Araracuara where some engraved with mystical traditions, especially those concerning the origin of mankind from Ancestral Snake.

Training stage:

Since the beginning of our era, the Amazon region was densely populated by large concentrations human. These people used seasonally various ecosystems while complementing the occasional hunting and gathering to agriculture products and fishery resources. One might suppose that they were abundant corn crops in some lands adjoining the rivers Caquetá and Putumayo and cassava was the basis of subsistence in the surrounding areas.

The Omagua, which occupied half the banks of the Amazon practiced horticulture and agriculture (corn) as well as fishing and waterfowl hunting on land that is flooded annually. Hunting was an activity not only for subsistence but a spiritual confrontation.

Society:

is possible that indigenous societies that lived along major navigable rivers have developed over centuries BC a type of organization or complex chiefdom maximum based on the mode of production maloquero. The organization of residential around a main longhouse, with administrative and ceremonial (ritual) has been a common feature of much of Amazonian societies.

housing styles, pottery, basketry, among others, also turned into signs that distinguish the lineages, clans, and ethnic maloqueras units.

painting, body adornment and clothing indicated the identity of ethnic groups.

Material Culture:


in the Amazon have later dates on ceramics business, almost two millennia after the dates for the earliest known American pottery. No data are yet available from archaeological excavations to investigate the Paleoindian Lithic stage and early ceramic phases. The results of the investigations so far relate pottery traditions from the first century BC for Araracuara area and from the sixth century AD to the area the Pedrera, both banks of the Caquetá - Yapura.

The metallurgy of gold and other precious metals had its development in the Amazon (Guainia and Vaupés) since pre-Columbian times.

posted by the website of the National Cultural Information System (SINIC) of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Colombia. (Http://www.sinic.gov.co/SINIC/)

Hispanic Quote Inspiration

MOXOS PLAINS OF ITS MYSTERIES Deciphering (BOLIVIAN AMAZON)



Excavations in the mounds or 'hills' near the town of Casarabe, in Beni, give new 'lights' on the culture that lived there. Recovered more than 50,000 ceramic fragments were found graves. The shaman is a possible the most striking. The findings reframe many hypotheses. The research in the region entered a new phase from the findings.

For many years, archaeological investigations of the Andean cultures were like a huge mountain that overshadowed the work carried out in the Bolivian Amazon and in particular the extensive plains of Beni Moxos. This great mountain, often high on the basis of prejudice and lack of information, was countered by researchers throughout the twentieth century tried to show that this region, especially the mounds or hills preserved a rich cultural heritage, no less important than other parts of the country. However, even today there are very few scientific analysis have clarified the role that these artificial structures have for the society or societies that have lived and continued to generate endless speculation. Much of those hills suffered erosion, were used for agriculture and have been victims of illegal plunder.

One of the attempts to remove the mystery of the shadows that hide the Plains is the project Moxos Casarabe Lomas, who earlier excavations concluded this month in one of the mounds near the village of the same name, which, among other things, has revealed that there was human presence in a period of 1,000 years, rescued valuable fragments of pottery and conducted the first scientific excavations of burials human.

Casarabe's population is located 50 miles east of the city of Trinidad. Rise in the surrounding territories prehispanic mounds which can reach over 20 meters high. In two cases, Loma and Loma Salvatierra Mendoza has worked on integrated project by researchers from the German Archaeological Institute and the National Unity of Archaeology of Bolivia.

In 1999 started the picking up of materials in the Loma Mendoza (5 meters high) and cut as is also known, as it was partly destroyed in the construction of the road between Santa Cruz and Trinidad. The data search was conducted for four years until they decided to begin excavations at Loma Salvatierra (8 meters high), where they worked for another three.

The first step was to show that the mounds studied were not formed by natural processes, such as the hypothesis of archaeologists Bernard Dougherty and Horacio Calandra who questioned the artificiality of the hills of Beni after their research in the 80's. "We found that the ceramics, bones humans, animals and the same rubbish were the product of human settlements from 400 to 1,400 AD and superimposed platforms were built over time. In the case of the Loma Salvatierra, for example, the housing sector is on a terrace in the center of the site and no other party has served almost exclusively as a cemetery, "says Heiko Prümers German archaeologist, project director.

A new feature of these excavations was to find ceramic very different from those found in regions such as Bella Vista and San Ignacio, which experts project to encourage them to support the idea that the region had a cultural unity and more cohabit rather than several in the region and at the same time. "The cultural diversity seems to be one of the characteristics of what we now call Moxos, because there are marked differences not only reflected in the variety of ceramics, but also the existence of Lomas large an area, while another prevalent bunds or embankments. Perhaps many have believed that being a large plateau and having a river like the Mamore that crosses through the middle, were a single culture, "says Prümers.

Moxos The plains are characterized by grassland and savannah woodland, which cover much of its territory and menor cantidad tiene montes, lagunas y ríos. Las lomas artificiales son parte inseparable de su paisaje. El primero en investigarlas científicamente fue el noruego Erland Nordenskiöld que a principios del siglo XX realizó excavaciones en las lomas Hernmarck, Velarde y Masicito. En ellas encontró cerámicas que tenían vinculaciones estilísticas con otras culturas amazónicas. Otro gran difusor de la riqueza cultural de la zona fue el ingeniero estadounidense Keenneth Lee, que vivió en Beni hasta fines de los 90 y que creía que los antiguos mojeños eran pueblos que habían sabido controlar las épocas de sequía y de inundaciones gracias a sistemas hidráulicos en los que estaban involucrados las lomas, terraplenes and ridges. Lee also felt that in Beni territory were 20 000 mounds of various sizes. A figure that has not been confirmed, and some scientists seem exaggerated.

Another research contributions in the Loma Salvatierra is that there is an embankment around the site polygon enclosing an area of \u200b\u200b20 hectares that were discovered through satellite images and field work was done by Umberto Lombardo. "From what we've seen the hill is not only the mound, but a structural complex that includes creeks, canal systems and polygon fill. In addition to a clear contact and communication between the hills of the area, "explains the researcher. The project is co-director of the Bolivian Carla Jaimes, who was responsible for analyzing ceramic artifacts were recovered. Until the end of the excavation were more than 50 000 pieces of parts, the archaeologist with a group of seven assistants was in charge of sorting. Jaimes said they could find six chronological phases of ceramics. This means that the 1,000 years of occupation can be seen how they have changed shape and features in the various occupations that took the mound. But, according to the researcher, pottery was not the most important material, "certainly had beautiful objects made of wood, fruits and other organic elements. Being in the tropics is logical that they have worked with wood bibosi, mara, chonta and baskets have been woven together, because we have found pottery spinning wheels, which is proof that spun. That is perhaps used for storage or cooking liquid, "Jaimes said, adding that figurines were also found dolls or figurines, which from the context where they are found they had a domestic function and not of divinity as was initially believed.

Jaimes

indicates that pottery in the Amazon has the characteristics of subsection dots. is, they are techniques in which when the ceramic is dry it makes your incisions with a sharp object and you draw triangles, lines and other figures. Point is when we used the fingers or other material to points around the vessel. Preconceptions have gotten into the same bag to ceramics dotted subsection of the Amazon, yet within this technique has shown a lot of variants and Moxos are no exception. Those found in Loma Salvatierra Mendoza and are similar but are very different from those who have recovered in other areas, so that the archaeologist can not speak of a single culture in the region but of many.

The project Lomas de Casarabe unearthed about 80 human skeletons. The funny thing is that the bodies were buried in different positions and the only common pattern found was the guidance given to the graves that were in north-south direction. Most striking was the discovery of a skeleton that apparently belonged to an important figure in the society in which he lived. This has been acknowledged by the decorations he wore when he was buried. The skeleton was taken to Germany for study and has been found that were between 35 to 40 years. Beads carrying tusks of tiger and other items found Prümers very similar to a photo of 30's of a shaman in Ecuador. The truth is the body is still under study and expect to provide new data.

German archaeologist says he will return next year to make a final analysis and then prepare the publication of its results. He also clarified that this is just one of the first steps to learn about the cultures that settled Moxos and there are still many hills to study. Other groups of archaeologists will have the task of following the path initiated by the Lomas de Casarabe project.

fieldwork and other data

The project worked in recent years in the Loma Salvatierra in dry season. There were three straight months of excavations. The pieces found were then washed with water and brushes. The pottery shards were falling, drawings, photographs and if all parties were restored.

- The pottery recovered is given to the Museum Beni ethnoarchaeological Kenneth Lee.

- There were three five-hole flute made from animal bones. Two were at a funeral and the other in another context.

- The remains of animals and some of the garbage is also analyzed, because they weather patterns and characteristics of each period.

- In the body of possible 'Shaman' is found small pieces of copper. A material not found in the region. These materials are still being analyzed.

- The historic distribution of speakers of Arawak has many similarities with the cultures of archaeological mounds. More recent studies show that the distribution of pre-Hispanic hills and ridges also has elements in common with non-Arawak groups such as Pano, Tupi-Guarani and unclassified groups, the researchers said Clark Erickson.

Article by Ricardo Herrera F. / Of Duty The Extra magazine OH!, On Sunday, October 29, 2006. / Photo German Archaeological Institute.

Toothpick Tower Triangle

NOTES ON THE LAST PRE-COLUMBIAN Of the Ecuadorian Amazon

historical and archaeological analysis of the data currently available on the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazon relativized from the beginning the classification of these regions makes the quintessential example of "simple tropical cultures" (Steward, 1948) and classifications on the basis of ecological adaptation of the companies alleged inter river (such as those of Meggers, 1971, taken up by Roosevelt, 1980), understanding these regions as areas not suited to complex social developments. This double reading of the past leads to a large number of investigators to question to the model of agriculture traveling on slash and burn "(often cited as the typical lifestyle of high - Amazon) that would largely be the combined effect of a strategy for survival of indigenous societies against the persecutions of the Western world and the introduction of steel tools to facilitate large-scale deforestation. The review of current data also shows that the study area is confined in a broad regional area, where you should stress not only contacts with the Andean area in the broad sense of the word, but also the middle and lower Amazon.

Archaeological data currently available in the Upper Amazon to the north of the Maranon possible to reconstruct a scenario of two major pre-Columbian times. The first period from the fourth millennium BC to the eighth century AD has a close cultural and commercial links between the Andean region, the Pacific Coast and the Upper Amazon. The second period from the eighth century AD to the English period is characterized by the disappearance of the previous system and a cultural break between the Andes and the Upper Amazon, and across the Amazon river and river inter. Cultural and social characteristics and reasons for discrepancy between the two periods are not known why this should be the current priority.

Critics and Proposal:

The prehistory of the Upper Amazon is still poorly understood and subject of much speculation. They face two main positions, the first position holds that the origin of certain cultural phenomena, the Andes, ancestral, such as the birth of agriculture or the appearance of the Chavin horizon in Peru should be investigated in the rainforest (eg Lathrap 1970) The other position says prominence is of the of the Andes or the Pacific Coast in prehistoric social processes (eg Burger 1995). The purpose of these two currents can be issued three reserves:

1. archaeological and paleoenvironmental data are insufficient.

2. Most researchers use consciously or unconsciously, but always strictly social or ecological models borrowed from other periods and other regions.

3. researchers Nor does it consider the most recent or the weight of the differential conservancies, probably giving an incomplete picture of the past Amazon and its diversity.

usually divides the history of pre-Columbian Ecuador into three periods: the Formative period (4500 BC - 300 BC) is marked by the first agro-pottery companies, Regional Development (300 a. C. - 500 AD), characterized by the diversification of cultures, and the period of integration (500d.C.-1532 AD) which is a trend towards cultural homogenization that culminated with the Inca conquest.

For some researchers, especially J. Guffroy who worked for a long time in southern Ecuador and northern Peru (Guffroy, 1995, 2004) - is worth insisting on the continuity between the Formative and Regional Development and the break that occurs at the beginning of the period of integration. In this sense, the prehistory of southern Ecuador have met two great socio-cultural development, the first with the Formative and Regional Development, and the second integration period.

At first, there is a strong integration between the Pacific coast el altiplano andino y las vertientes orientales de los Andes, lo que habría dado origen a un desarrollo relevante y precoz del Ecuador, aunque fuertemente desigual. Jean Guffroy llega a plantear la hipótesis según la cual el origen de la cultura Catamayo A (primera cultura formativa del extremo sur de los Andes ecuatorianos) proviene de la Amazonía (Guffroy et al., 1987:236). Esta hipótesis puede comprobarse con el descubrimiento hecho en 2002 de una nueva cultura agroalfarera en la ceja de montaña oriental del sur del Ecuador. Las fechas C14 asociadas a este material la sitúan como una de las manifestaciones culturales más antiguas de toda la región, por lo que pudiera ser precursora en muchos aspectos del Horizonte peruano de Chavin (Valdez et al., 2005). If this is the case, it presents the possibility that the Upper Amazon to the north of the Maranon has played a role in the foreground.

The second stage is characterized by a rupture and cultural restructuring. It seems that the origin of several current Amerindian populations in this period. In Loja, in the southern Ecuadorian Andes, this period would be marked by the arrival of groups belonging to the set-Candoa Jibaro language from the Amazon (Guffroy et al., 1987; Guffroy, 2004).

This scenario highlights the relationships the Upper Amazon. I think that this hypothesis can be applied to the Ecuadorian Amazon. Undoubtedly this is an imperfect and hypothetical scenario. Enunciate the archaeological data:

First Period:

During the first period, from the Formative through the Regional Development (3500-300 BC), the cultures of the Upper Amazon would be part of an integrated system that clearly to the Northern and Central Andes (Lathrop, 1970, Myers, Dean, 1999; DeBoer, 2003). Relatively early origin and role are still poorly understood and are the subject of much speculation.

Thus, the early presence of maize (from 4000 BC to 2700 BC, depending on the region) has been supported by several researchers (Bush et al., 1989, Mora et al., 1991), but still hypothetical even more considering the size and number of grains of this ancient corn, known only by some Pollens and phytoliths, have not yet been defined.

What little is known of the iconography is characterized by the presence of dualism and in one case by the association cat / snake / bird of prey, an association will be found along the Andean developments, but disappear eastern lands in the following period. Formative poorly known, it nevertheless seems relatively old in certain areas (Valdez et al., 2005), suggesting the existence of a socio-cultural development at least as early as in the Andes and the Pacific coast. The lack of field research can not give an accurate picture of social developments. However, the Formative ceramic assemblages and Regional Development, although very different, know typical shapes such as bottles with stirrup (Guffroy, et al 2003, Valdez et al., 2005; Porras, 1978; Shady Solis, 1987), bottle-neck and handle asymmetric bridge (Fung, 1981, Myers et al., 1999; Morales Chocano, 1998; Porras, 1987; Ravines, 1981), bowls, sometimes decorated with great care (slip, fine incisions, excisions, Saulieu, 2006) and pots (Porras, 1979; DeBoer et al., 1977). If there are indeed cultural renewal and uneven development, ceramic assemblages remain largely in the logic started in the Formative, since they are evidence of interactions or exchanges with the Andes and the Pacific. In the second part of this first period, the company Ecuadorian Amazon foothills of the monumental architecture produced (in Zamora, Upano, Puyo) comparable to that of other Andean regions. In the Amazon, settlement patterns are still very poorly understood : One of the only places domestic apparently shows a stratigraphy of 90 cm (Athens, 1986), suggesting that these populations were not necessarily made up of growers and indigenous people traveling today (Petersen et al., 2001).

Second Period:

The second stage is the collapse of the previous system and an accentuation of cultural differences in the Andes. This stress was caused by a part in human and other adaptations in the cultural composition of the Upper Amazon is known in modern times through sources ethnohistoric and ethnographic. It is in this period that the Upper Amazon is Amazonis, to put it in some way to make a typical so marked by the preeminence of cultural forms mood (as described Descola, 2005) and socially headless. These lead to two scenarios.

The first observation, the rapid expansion of a ceramic horizon, called Rebar, in areas not directly in contact with the major axis formed by the Napo river, the Maranon, Ucayali and Huallaga. This horizon is characterized by a relatively coarse paste pottery decoration which consists of the basic use of superimposed clay bands in the neck and shoulder of the vessels. From a material standpoint, our hypothesis rests on the fact that from the seventh and eighth centuries is found in many regions (eg in the Upano, cf. Rostain 1999-ay 1999-b, Loja, cf. Guffroy 2004):

- The disappearance of the most typical (especially the bottles with or without handle, with one or more necks) and ceramic traditions of the previous period.

- A superficial homogenization decorative modes corrugated favor decorations, while the local particularities seem important.

- The disappearance of monumental architecture.

- a sharp decline in long-range interactions, both in terms of exotic materials (Spondylus, turquoise) as a stylistic and ideological traits. (Rostain, 1999-a; Guffroy, 1995, 2004, Guillaume, Guffroy, Valdez, Saulieu, 2003).

settlement patterns, suggest that social structures seem more parcels and temporary during earlier phases, which corresponds fairly well to what is known of the practices of indigenous people belonging to linguistic group current jíbaro (slash and burn horticulturalists, Acephalous societies).

The other scenario is given, displays along navigable rivers and in certain segments of the Andean slopes (valley of the cheek), the provision of complex social systems founded on trade. Polychrome Horizon from floodplains colonizes the Lower Amazon, to the tenth and eleventh centuries, the Napo (Evans and Meggers, 1968) and a part of the Maranon to the Putumayo, and articulates with the Panzaleo-Cosanga-Píllaro on the Andean Ridge.

ethnohistoric data allow us to recognize the various ethnic groups and often distant origin, which are complex and hierarchical social performances, specialized production systems (particularly gold, ceramics and cotton fabrics) . The exchanges over long distances are concentrated in some major axes formed by the Napo, Maranon, Ucayali and Huallaga (salt, curare, gold, cottonseed oil, turtle, etc..) and controlled by these populations seem to have a strong inclination for navigation and river habitat.

Conclusion:

If understanding of the two periods has yet to be refined, as proposed from serious questions about reasons for the change. Clearly this is not an ecological determinism, since in the Formative and Regional Development, the upper Amazon would have developed in symbiosis with the Andes and the coast Pacific. In our case, we would be tempted by the hypothesis that this would have corresponded to a major reorientation in the types of social developments in this humid tropical region, for reasons still mysterious, but perhaps in part linked to large movements pobacionales. Philippe Descola (2005) shows that the perception of the environment that current populations are high due to schemes Amazon animists. This feature differentiates very clearly the areas of the greatest civilizations known historically, especially in the Andes. Therefore we support the thinking that has not always been so, and that before the big departure from the principle Integration of the period, the societies of the Upper Amazon in large part functioned differently, in a way that allowed them just to fit in perfectly with the Andean and coastal societies. From there to think that they were societies that worked mainly with analog schemes, there is only one step.

Article by French archaeologist Geoffroy de Saulieu

Friday, February 16, 2007

First Line Darker In Pregnancy Test

NOTES ON PREPARATIONS FOR FIELD WORK (BRAZILIAN ARCHAEOLOGY)

defines how the archaeologist areas and issues Brazilian research in large, complex and well over 500 years?

Fixing suitcases

are planning a family vacation and then displayed questions: "Where to go?," An ecological journey in the middle of the Amazon rainforest?, "Holding the course for the cold mountain Gauchos of the South, or did embark for long sunny beaches of the Northeast.

All potions are more attractive, depending on where you choose and the destination, our family will have to change the contents of the suitcases.

This is normal, because Brazil is among the countries with the highest territorial extension, sheltering from Oiapoque Chui, large regional variations. There are differences in climate, relief, flora and fauna, in the same way that there are cultural differences: in the south, find family travel to the pampas gauchos drinking mate and prepare a nice roast, bay, part of a capoeira (dance mixed with native control of the black slaves) and revel in the delights in the shops of Bahia, in the shade of coconut trees. And this is to cite only two examples. Keeping the divided

proportions, brazil pre-colonial (or Brazil before the arrival of European settlers) had also a complex mix of occupations human, each with its own identity and history.

Thus, the archaeologist must clearly define your area of \u200b\u200bexpertise, given Pesquisar black earth sites of the banks of the Amazon or coastal sites sambaqui southern Brazil, demanding a body of knowledge, different techniques and analysis.

After selecting the geographical area of \u200b\u200boperation, the archaeologist goes to establish the topic of research that will unfold, as well as research methods will be employed to find certain respuestas.Hay archaeologists who are dedicated, for example, Studies on the launch of the Brazilian population and migratory routes, or archaeologists interested in the introduction of agriculture, the emergence of complex societies, etc. There are countless possibilities for research, and it is precisely this variety that transforms the Brazilian archeology so rich and interesting.

of traveling to

detective work of the archaeologist can, in many ways, compared to the search of a detective. By the most varied material remains left by ancient societies, he seeks to reconstruct the different lifestyles of the past. Find these tracks will become the first step of the investigation.

The place where the vestiges appear is called by researchers "archaeological site". But the archaeological sites are varied, differ considerably among themselves, can be a big village, with 3,000 m2, or a small hunting camp, with apenas10m2.

Similarly, a site may present a large variety and quantity of objects (such as pottery shards, stone tools sharp and polished stone, the remains of fire, warehouses to store grain and cuttings up the hole at the huts) may contain a single type of evidence (such as burial sites, which only have graves).

Himself before going into the field, the archaeologist can get a good idea box of possibilities that you can find, using modern tools and technologies such as satellite images, aerial photographs and maps. Some sites more visible, as sambaquis the coast, or the panic of the Pantanal, they become identified from these maps and imagery, and field work are to confirm their presence.

Periodic analysis of aerial images can also help in monitoring sites in the same way that environmental protection bodies seen at a distance, the deforestation of the Amazon forest and take the necessary measures for its preservation.

Testing Hypothesis field

After these preparatory steps, it's time to roll up archaeologist, and act directly on the ground, identifying and recording existing remnants of human occupation in a particular region.

Either way, it is necessary to recognize these remains, and this is not always easy. How to tell if a stone was broken naturally or if it was carved by human hand? The teams must be trained to recognize heritage; which may have been made for thousands of years ago and, often, already well beaten by the action of time. Additionally, the ruins can be in several places: in the margin of the great rivers, the high points of the hills, on slopes of fertile soil on islands or at the entrances of caves.

Here the experience of "archaeologist detective" who needs to know the sites in its area of \u200b\u200bresearch. For this, the archaeologist uses different techniques, from more general initial surveys to intensive surveys, also called "sweeping."

Some remains are found on the surface of the land and equipment, walking through the area, recognize parts scattered on the ground. Other remains are buried at depths ranging from a few centimeters to several meters. In this case, the archaeologist made a series of manual surveys, using picks, shovels and similar tools. In some situations it is justifiable, even the use of transport machinery such as excavators and bulldozers.

To see what is buried, the archaeologist also features sophisticated resources that can see what lies beneath the surface. There are several methods and apparatus for geophysical unwrapped, such as GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) through the issuance of magnetic waves, detects the presence of bodies buried by sending an "X ray" from the ground. Yet, these devices are useful for defining most favorable areas for excavations, or identify areas that should be preserved for future research.

Having identified an archaeological site, the researchers conducted a series of activities such as filling the land registry records, the measurement of area, description of the traces, photographs and in some cases, collection of parts.

search of archaeological sites is, not much, just the first stage of the investigation. Many other field activities are still to come, not to mention the analysis and laboratory studies and cabinets. The work of "archaeologist detective goes far beyond ...

Published by the Brazilian Institute "Cultural Itaú" on its internet site devoted to the Brazilian Archaeology. (Http://www.itaucultural.org.br/arqueologia/)

December Party Invitation Retirment

IX MEETING OF FOREIGN MINISTERS OF THE MEMBER STATES OF THE TREATY ORGANIZATION (ACTO) "Declaration of Iquitos"

The Foreign Ministers and Deputy Ministers of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela gathered in the city of Iquitos, 25 November 2005 to attend the "Ninth Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Member States of the Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)"

1. EXPRESS their satisfaction with the level of agreement reached by the Amazonian countries within the political framework of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (TCA) and, during the 25 years of entry into force of the TCA, renewed its resolve to continue working together, convinced that Treaty Organization (ACTO) is a forum to promote integration, sustainable development and regional solidarity, the shared purpose of strengthening democratic institutions and deepen the fight against poverty.

2. reiterate their political determination to ACTO contribute to deepening and improving the regional integration process within the South American Community of Nations.

3. In accordance with the mandates of the presidential statements of Cusco (December 2004) and (Brasilia, September 2005) instruct the Permanent Secretariat of the ACTO to coordinate with the Secretariats of the Andean Community, the Southern Common Market ( MERCOSUR), the ALADI and CARICOM, IIRSA Technical Secretariat in order to assist in consolidating the South American Community of Nations.

4. , it reaffirms the fundamental importance that Member States have the Amazon region, common purpose of joining efforts to achieve the full incorporation of their Amazonian territories into their respective national economies, will and responsibility to conserve the natural resources of the Amazon and the sovereign right to exploit these resources sustainably.

5. Welcome the initiative of the draft Charter Amazon by the Government of Peru and decided to open a negotiation process on the same within the Amazon Cooperation Council, leading to its adoption as part of the twenty-five years of life of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty.

6. HIGHLIGHT the importance of the dynamic interplay of the different ecosystems and geographic regions that make up the Amazon Basin, and decide to continue working to promote sustainable and productive areas of complementarity social, economic, environmental, and cultural tourism throughout the basin.

7. reaffirmed the political will to develop effective cooperation mechanisms to conserve the Amazon Basin, one of the largest reserves of fresh water on the planet, and in this regard stresses the need to implement in their territories for the preservation actions the Amazon ecosystem, including those directed to address the serious problem of the gradual melting of Andean glaciers.

8. welcomes the progress made by ACTO for the implementation of the draft Integrated Sustainable Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Amazon River Basin, with financial support from the UNEP / GEF, and will, among other things, developing studies and projects to harmonize policy and institutional management of water resources.

9. Following the mandate from the Declaration of Manaus, to instruct the Permanent Secretariat of the ACTO to intensify efforts to preparation of studies and implementation of alternative transportation technologies, which enable the exchange of goods and services in the inner regions of the Amazon.

10. HIGHLIGHT the need for continued cooperation between the Amazon countries in the process of review, improvement and implementation of the Strategic Plan 2004-2012 ACTO to act in areas of common interest to the sustainable development of the Amazon, ensuring the achievement of benefits and equitable distribution to improve the quality of life of local populations, especially access to education, water services, sanitation, health, communications, energy, transport and, in general, the fight against poverty.

11. express its appreciation and congratulations to the Ministers and High Authorities on the progress made in the meetings of Intellectual Property (Rio de Janeiro, June 2005) and Science and Technology, (Lima, August 2005) as part of actions to be undertaken under the work programs of the ACTO, and in this sense, it renews the mandate to the Permanent Secretariat to promote the ministerial meetings in order to advance the political dialogue on issues of concern to Member States such as Environment, Trade and Integration, Integrated Defense and Security and Social Development of the Amazon region.

12. STRESS the holding of the Second Meeting of the Permanent Commissions of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty, held in Brasilia from 10 to 12 May 2005, and reaffirmed their willingness to cooperate and provide assistance to strengthen them, so that they become a space for agreement to promote and facilitate the implementation of the provisions of TCA.

13. reaffirmed the political will of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs to continue to play an active role in the coordination of National Commissions Permanent, and to instruct the Permanent Secretariat of the ACTO to prepare, with the Permanent National Commissions, through their respective foreign ministries, a strategy to coordinate with her to the effective implementation of the strategic priorities proposed in the Strategic Plan 2004 - 2012 and the monitoring by Member Countries.

14. EMPHASIZE the importance of States Parties will continue to articulate common positions on issues of environment and sustainable development in various international forums, as was observed in the V Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests. As a result, decided to continue this process consultation and coordination of positions and to instruct the Permanent Secretariat of the ACTO to assist in this process. Also agree to coordinate common positions in support of the Permanent Secretariat, particularly in the Sixth Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests and the IV World Water Forum.

15. STRESS in regard to problems arising from climate change, the need for urgent action at national, regional and international levels to reverse this phenomenon and its impact on the problem of deglaciation. It also decides to strengthen coordination in the area of \u200b\u200bthe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to promote adequately the interests of the countries of the region.

16. agree on the importance of coordinating strategies on issues related to the commitments undertaken at the Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable Development to contribute to the objectives of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty, as well as the identification of actions related to these issues and coordinate policies and strategies that contribute to the articulation of national networks of cooperation, as soon as possible.

17. In view of the forthcoming meeting on comprehensive security and defense of the Amazon CALL address in its working agenda on the social, environmental and economic consequences of world drug problem to the Amazon basin and reiterate the need to confront it in all its phases.

18. Reaffirms Commitment under the Treaty to give special attention to consideration of initiatives presented by lesser developed countries, decided to join forces in joint actions to meet the needs of cooperation in Bolivia, as a landlocked developing country and as, Guyana and Suriname, as small and vulnerable countries.

19. RECOGNIZE the need to prevent, combat and eliminate all forms of environmental degradation in the Amazon region that undermine the quality of life of local people, and decide to take action to help control and reduce illegal practices, such as forest fires, illegal mining activities, mainly gold, and trafficking in forest products, flora, fauna, and misappropriation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge.

20. They express their satisfaction with the Draft Validation of 15 indicators of sustainability of the Amazon Forest, which should be continued with the implementation of activities and cooperation Member States of the ACTO, according to the schedule adopted at the meeting in August 2005.

21. CONSCIOUS of the need for States Parties must give impetus to scientific research, knowledge generation, technology development and training of human resources, aimed at sustaining natural resources and the identification of actions that contribute to the solution of social, economic, environmental, technological, educational and cultural Amazon. Instruct the Secretariat ACTO Permanent coordinate through national commissions and permanent system of Amazonian Universities (UNAMAZ), to develop policies and strategies towards the achievement of local initiatives.

22. In this regard, congratulated Brazil for its efforts to extend to other countries of ACTO postulate the possibility of Professor Samuel Benchimol Award, which highlights initiatives for sustainable development in the Amazon.

23. agree to strengthen national and regional efforts to advance the studies on the development of waterways, waterways and other transportation Amazon system, contributing to the advances being made in the framework of the Initiative for Infrastructure Integration South American Regional-IIRSA, the Amazon hub, and promote their use to promote the complementarity of the economies and promote the development of the region as well as, to instruct the Permanent Secretary of the ACTO to collaborate with Member States in preparation of these studies.

24. also agree to encourage the adoption of incentive measures to promote and facilitate the expansion of regional air connectivity as a key factor for integration and development of the Amazon.

25. DECIDED promote cooperation among States Parties with a view to developing national projects of information systems geographical environmental monitoring of the Amazon that help to improve knowledge of the ACTO member countries of the Amazon and monitor relevant activities developed in the region. It also recommends that the Permanent Secretariat of the ACTO, to the extent of their technical capabilities to support the formulation of projects to finalize the offer of the Government of Brazil, to extend to all member countries can cooperate in the field of security and surveillance systems of the Amazon SIVAM SIPAM, especially in areas such as scientific and technological development, use and monitor water resources, minerals and forestry; forest fire monitoring and combating illegal acts in the region.

26. They express their satisfaction with the participation of special guests and observers at meetings of Foreign Ministers of the ACT.

27. WELCOMING the decision of the First Meeting of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Nations held in Quito, during the first half of 2006, a meeting of South American countries, in coordination with other UNAMAZ academic institutions and regional and subregional governmental organizations, to discuss points of interest common environment, and to instruct the Permanent Secretariat of the ACTO to provide strong support for this initiative.

28. decided to request the Permanent Secretariat to promote "Fair Amazon, with the active participation in the Amazon countries, those that are commercial, cultural, tourist and academic, to promote exchange between countries.

29. RECOGNIZE the importance of participation of countries in the Amazon region, including indigenous and local communities in programs and projects ACTO HAIL Consultations Nationals which took place in Quito - Ecuador and La Paz - Bolivia, and invited the other Member Countries to conduct their respective meetings of their own choosing.

30. WELCOME the people and Government of Suriname on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of its independence, which is commemorated today.

31. WELCOMES the offer by the Republic of Ecuador to carry out the III Summit of Presidents of the States Members of ACTO in the first half of 2006.

32. also welcomed the offer of the Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela for the Tenth Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Member States of the ACTO is done at home, in the second half of 2006.

33. THANK the Secretary General for presenting his report in the period between September 2004 and November 2005 and expressed their appreciation and satisfaction with the work of the Permanent Secretary in the last twelve months which led to the development and protection actions Amazonia and the increased awareness of issues and problems of the region.

34. express to the people and Government of Peru, in the person of His Excellency Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Oscar Maurtua de Romana, thanks for the hospitality and sincere congratulations for the excellent organization of the "Ninth Meeting of Foreign Ministers of Member States of the Organization of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty ".

Iquitos, November 25, 2005

For the Republic of Bolivia

For the Federative Republic of Brazil

For the Republic of Colombia

For the Republic of Ecuador

For the Cooperative Republic of Guyana

For the Republic of Peru

For the Republic of Suriname

For the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Published on November 25 2005.

"Treaty Organization (ACTO)"