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Fever rubber (Ciclo da drunk in Portuguese) was an important part of economic and social history of Brazil and Peru, also for South American countries with Amazonian territories, including Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia. This fever is related to the extraction and marketing of rubber, was centered in the Amazon region, firing their colonization process, attracting wealth and causing social and cultural changes, as well as giving great impetus to Amazonian cities like Iquitos in Peru, Belém do Para in Brazil and in particular the Brazilian city of Manaus, until now the principal Amazon city and capital of Amazonas state.

rubber fever had its peak between 1879 and 1912 after experiencing a resurrection between 1942 and 1945.

The discovery of vulcanization and the air chamber in the 1850 decade led to a rush of rubber extraction. "

Overview
rubber
rubber is called the juice or latex of a variety of plants. There are several varieties of rubber, including rubber, balata and gutta percha. Trees rubber or rubber tree (in Portuguese) providing this material are rubber trees, the guayule, the ficus elastic and castilloa ulei, among others.

The first manufacturer of rubber products (rubber bands and suspenders) emerged in the French capital, Paris in the year 1803. No clutch, rubber still had some disadvantages: with increasing temperature, the gum base became more soft and sticky, while the decrease of this, the rubber becomes hard and brittle. American Indians were the first to discover and exploit the unique properties of natural rubber. Meanwhile, was Amazon Jungle where mining activity was developed from rubber or rubber tree rubber tree (in Portuguese), a tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, also known as tree of fortune. The stem of this tree is removed a white liquid called latex, comprising 35% of hydrocarbons, highlighting the 2-methyl-1 ,3-butadiene (C5H8), commercially known as isoprene rubber or monomer. Latex is a substance almost neutral, with a pH of 7.0 to 7.2. But when left exposed to air for a period of 12 to 24 hours, the pH drops to 5.0 and undergoes coagulation spontaneously forming a polymer is rubber, represented by Formula chemistry (C5H8) n, where n is the order of 10,000 and has an average molecular mass 600,000 to 950,000 g / mol. The rubber obtained in this way has a number of disadvantages: Exposure to air causes the extracted liquid is contaminated with other materials (detritus), making it a sticky substance perishable due to the action of temperature. Through an industrial process, rubber is treated and disposed of the impurities is then subjected to a process called vulcanization, resulting in the disappearance of the undesirable properties of rubber. This Thus, the rubber becomes imperishable, resistant to solvents and temperature variations, acquiring excellent mechanical properties and losing its stickiness.

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RUBBER MOUTH THE AMAZON SITE OF THE NEXT WORLD SOCIAL FORUM CAPTAIN FRANCISCO DE ORELLANA


A group of organizations and social movements in the Amazon region presented a proposal for the 2009 World Social Forum has its headquarters there. the city in the Amazon region is proposed to host Belém, capital of the Brazilian state Pará. Being chosen to host this Amazon city by the International Council Forum held in Berlin.

Belém's candidacy competing with other Brazilian cities such as Porto Alegre, Curitiba and Salvador and countries like South Korea and Indonesia.

The decision reveals the global social movement's intention to intervene more forcefully in the debate over global warming problem, since the conservation of the Amazon is one of the major issues in discussions on the matter. In addition to seeing the development of sustainable alternatives.

Choosing Amazon is especially important at this time, the Amazon region (with 9 countries) has developed a rich experience of conducting Pan Amazonian Forums (3 to date) and while the Forum venue is the Brazilian city of Belém, they would be "Amazon", involving all the countries of the basin. The importance of the Amazon region is crucial at the present time for such important dimensions as the environment and ecology, as well as the fight against transnational mining and oil companies that are causing tremendous human and ecological imbalances in the region.

is a land of many cultures and ethnic groups, with significant indigenous movements, including women. The dimensions of multiculturalism and gender issues have been identified as key dimensions to be incorporated. Perhaps one of the most interesting aspects is that it is a pioneering experience, being a trans-territorial FSM, significant dimension to think about other possible worlds.

This forum is a new challenge for all global movements, particularly for Latin American movements.

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FIRST EUROPEAN navigator and explorer



Like so many others throughout history, the English explorer and conquistador was left enchanted by the charm of El Dorado, and in his search of the city ideal found another wonderful treasure and immeasurable: The Amazon. A hundred years of this wonderful journey of the king of rivers, it is worth remembering the first browser that was able to navigate in its entirety.

Born in Trujillo (quotations biographers have several dates of birth, from 1490 to 1511), Orellana was a close (possibly familiar, some historians speak of cousin) Pizarro family. He traveled to India was very young (1527), his early years in the New World Nicaraguan passed over land. In 1533, the army reinforced Pizarro in Peru , participated in the founding of Puerto Viejo and served in many campaigns, one of whom lost an eye.

During the civil war between the conquistadores in Peru, Loyal to his family, sided with Pizarro, supported the cause Pizarrist and starred with them during the siege of Cuzco between 1536-1537 and in the battle of Salinas against Diego de Almagro in 1538, was sent by Francisco Pizarro in command of a column from Lima aid of Hernando Pizarro. In 1538 he was appointed governor of the province of Cylinder Head, on the coast of Ecuador current , where should rebuild and repopulate the city of Santiago de Guayaquil, founded in 1534 by Sebastian de Belalcazar, which had been destroyed by the Indians.

In 1539 he joined the governor's office of captain general. A year later he joined the expedition that the new governor of the province of Quito, Gonzalo Pizarro, started eastward toward the land of Cinnamon and El Dorado. Orellana joined the expedition in the valley of Zumaca, near Quito. The first exploratory forays did not find the hoped-wealth, which led to Orellana was separated from Pizarro to find supplies. After building a brig, Orellana embarked with expeditionary group on December 26, 1541 following the course of the Coca and Napo rivers, while Pizarro and the rest of the troops followed the expedition by land. Explored the area, Orellana decided to return as agreed with Pizarro, but his men stopped him and threatened to revolt.

Following the great river

After choosing your head, and after building two new ships, the San Pedro and Victoria, Orellana set out to conquer new lands in the name of the king of Spain. Among the crew of the expedition traveled the Dominican friar Gaspar de Carvajal, whose relationship is chronicle of the trip.

In February of 1542 reached the rushing waters of the Maranon, also known by the names of the Amazon, Orellana and Bracamoros among others. In their progress up the river, came in May of that year Machifaro, the capital of the Omaguas, northern Peru, where he had to face attacks from the natives. Continued downstream and the May 23 triple discovered the mouth of the Purus, who called the Trinity River . The June 3, 1542 found the Black River, after leaving the mouth of the Madeira and Tapajós shortly after, came at the end of June to the legendary manor of the Amazons, who named the river course, the Rio Grande called the Amazon. The expedition continued the journey until it reaches the Atlantic in August of that year. From there Orellana and his men went to the Gulf of Paria, in Venezuelan territory, and after a brief stay in Cubagua and Santo Domingo, went to Spain to inform the Crown the discovery of these lands, which gave the name of Nueva Andalucía.

was on this trip in the Amazon got its name. Fray Gaspar de Carvajal, Orellana chronicler, wrote that the expedition was attacked by fierce warrior women, similar to the Amazons of mythology Greek, but is likely to just fight against Indian warriors who had long hair.

From Cubagua, Orellana sailed to Spain. However, after a difficult journey, first came to Portugal, where the king offered him hospitality and even received offers to return to the Amazon with a thoroughly equipped expedition under the Portuguese flag. The Treaty of Tordesillas had the entire length of the Amazon under English sovereignty, while the Portuguese considered the Brazilian coast and its wholly owned. However, Orellana continued Valladolid (May 1543) with the hope of encouraging claims Castilian the entire Amazon basin.

Once in court, and after nine months of negotiations, Charles I appointed him governor of the lands he had discovered, named Nueva Andalucía. The capitulations allowed him to explore and colonize Nueva Andalucía with no less than 200 infantrymen, 100 cavalry and material to build two riverboats. On arrival to the Amazon, was to build two cities, one right on the river's mouth. However, the preparations were stretched due to lack of funds. Finally, thanks to funding Cosmo Chavez, stepfather of Orellana, the issue may go, but not before marrying Ana Orellana Ayala, a poor young man, which aims to bring on your trip.

Cádiz Claw, but is stopped in Sanlúcar, because much of his expedition was composed of non-Castilian. Finally, hidden in one of his ships, sets sail from Sanlúcar surreptitiously with four ships. One is lost before reaching the Cape Verde islands, another in the course of the voyage, while another is left to reach the mouth of the Amazon. The landing came shortly before Christmas 1545 and Orellana is at some hundred miles in the Amazon delta after building a riverboat. Fifty-seven men die of hunger and the rest camp on an island in the delta between friendly Indians. Orellana part in a boat to find food and the main branch of the Amazon. Upon his return, found the camp deserted, because the men had built a second boat and left in search of Orellana. Finally gave up and left coast to the island of Margarita.

Orellana and his group kept trying to locate the main channel, but were attacked by Carib Indians. Seventeen died from the poisonous arrows and Orellana himself died in November 1546.

Some trip chronic



L a fundamental source of the first issue was written by Friar Gaspar de Carvajal, the chaplain who accompanied Orellana in his exploration of the Amazon. is "The Relationship the new discovery of the famous Rio Grande, which discovered a very large fortune Captain Francisco de Orellana." Relationship parts Carvajal appeared in "History and general natural de las Indias, Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, written in 1542 but not published until 1855. An account of Oviedo is especially valuable because it combines parts of Relationship Carvajal Orellana and interviews with some of his men. Relationship not fully published until 1895 by the Chilean scholar José Toribio Medina, as part of his "Discovery of the Amazon River." Later in 1934, was widely reviewed by HC Heaton.

Relationship Fray Gaspar de Carvajal, the future archbishop of Lima (and brother of Francisco de Carvajal, a fellow Pizarro) is the most important source of the myth of El Dorado.
Here, a you excerpts from his story:
"Having spent 11 days in February, there were two rivers with the river of our navigation. And they were great, especially going into the right hand. .. The melted and ruled that all the other river and it seemed that consumed itself because it came ... furious and ... great avenue ...," was the Dominican friar Gaspar de Carvajal, chaplain and vicar of Quito, in "The Value the new discovery of the famous Rio Grande discovered a very large fortune Captain Francisco de Orellana".

When Francisco de Orellana discovered the Amazon on February 12, 1542, was 31 years old. He had lived 14 in India since fleeing his hometown of Trujillo in Extremadura, Spain. Before leaving from the river Guayas to the Country Cinnamon and El Dorado, wrote to the King. He told the services rendered to his Majesty. Asked to appoint him governor of the province of Guayaquil:
'Having become found in the conquest of Puerto Viejo and its terms and lost an eye in it. And also be obvious that I did service in the said town of Portmore in the repair (healing) of the English who came to my house. And I picked up 80 men at my expense and mission, paying the freight and other costs to be in the said town, and owing to a large amount and sum of weights of gold took them to the ground, so much fruit that day and did great service to Royal Crown. Poble and founded in Her Majesty's name a city, which I named the city of Santiago (Guayaquil), partly as fertile and abounds and be in that area she proveimientos serve and lead the town of Quito and Pasto and Popayan. .. I'm the son gentleman gentleman and a person of honor. "

Francisco Gonzalo Pizarro had given his beloved brother, the Governor of Quito, gateway for the country Cinnamon and El Dorado. Gonzalo dreamed that territory where there was a serene lake surrounded by gold, minerals and precious stones. Gonzalo Orellana asked the help of his kinsman, and overtook him in late February and 1541 d English, 220, thousands of Indians from the Sierra , llamas, horses, pigs and dogs. Orellana Guayaquil achieved in 23 soldiers and some horses and was joined by March Sumaco Valley. Together they reached the Coca river where they ran out of food. They built a ship with two masts and a square sail. Orellana

sail downstream in the brig to find supplies. Gonzalo walk along the shore. But there came a time when Orellana had to separate and never returned.

came down from the Napo and Coca hit upon the great river. On 24 June, the day of the fires of San Juan. The expedition members were attacked by Indians led by Amazon, naked, muscular, white, higher than the Indians (in fact, long-haired Indians were ...). Fray Gaspar received an arrow in the side and hours later one of us s eyes. Continuing along the river since called the Amazon came to the Atlantic in August 1542 and returned to Spain.

Court for leave to Pizarro, Orellana convinced his judges that he could not return for the momentum of the current . Waited months, received the title of governor of Nueva Andalucia, as it was called on the banks of the Amazon, and his wife Anne returned to the fascinating river crossed hoping to return to Quito and Coca.

never could trace the river and was killed by an ambush of the Indians in November 1546. This discovery generous and peaceful, good, fair, dynamic and persistent, full of faith in his destiny joined his feat on Pacific co Guayaquil, navigable rivers, mountain ranges of the Andes, the mountain valleys, the eastern foothills, the jungle and the great river to the Atlantic.